report cover

IGBT Chip Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

  • 29 March 2022
  • Semiconductor and Electronics
  • 75 Pages
  • Report code : 24WT-6970695

IGBT Chip and Forecast Market

1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 IGBT Chip Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global IGBT Chip Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global IGBT Chip Overall Market Size
2.1 Global IGBT Chip Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global IGBT Chip Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global IGBT Chip Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top IGBT Chip Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global IGBT Chip Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global IGBT Chip Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global IGBT Chip Sales by Companies
3.5 Global IGBT Chip Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 IGBT Chip Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers IGBT Chip Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 IGBT Chip Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 IGBT Chip Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 IGBT Chip Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Ultra Low Voltage 400-500V
4.1.3 Low Voltage 600-1350V
4.1.4 Medium Voltage 1400-2500V
4.1.5 High Voltage 2500-6500V
4.2 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global IGBT Chip Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Discrete IGBT
5.1.3 IGBT Module
5.1.4 IGBT-IPM
5.2 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global IGBT Chip Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE IGBT Chip Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Infineon Technologies
7.1.1 Infineon Technologies Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Infineon Technologies Business Overview
7.1.3 Infineon Technologies IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Infineon Technologies IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Infineon Technologies Key News
7.2 Fuji Electric
7.2.1 Fuji Electric Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Fuji Electric Business Overview
7.2.3 Fuji Electric IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Fuji Electric IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Fuji Electric Key News
7.3 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
7.3.1 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Business Overview
7.3.3 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Key News
7.4 Hitachi ABB
7.4.1 Hitachi ABB Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Hitachi ABB Business Overview
7.4.3 Hitachi ABB IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Hitachi ABB IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Hitachi ABB Key News
7.5 Toshiba
7.5.1 Toshiba Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Toshiba Business Overview
7.5.3 Toshiba IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Toshiba IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 Toshiba Key News
7.6 Starpower Semiconductor
7.6.1 Starpower Semiconductor Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Starpower Semiconductor Business Overview
7.6.3 Starpower Semiconductor IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Starpower Semiconductor IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 Starpower Semiconductor Key News
7.7 MacMic Science & Technology
7.7.1 MacMic Science & Technology Corporate Summary
7.7.2 MacMic Science & Technology Business Overview
7.7.3 MacMic Science & Technology IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 MacMic Science & Technology IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 MacMic Science & Technology Key News
7.8 CRRC
7.8.1 CRRC Corporate Summary
7.8.2 CRRC Business Overview
7.8.3 CRRC IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 CRRC IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 CRRC Key News
7.9 BYD
7.9.1 BYD Corporate Summary
7.9.2 BYD Business Overview
7.9.3 BYD IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 BYD IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 BYD Key News
7.10 Littelfuse (IXYS)
7.10.1 Littelfuse (IXYS) Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Littelfuse (IXYS) Business Overview
7.10.3 Littelfuse (IXYS) IGBT Chip Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Littelfuse (IXYS) IGBT Chip Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 Littelfuse (IXYS) Key News
8 Global IGBT Chip Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global IGBT Chip Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 IGBT Chip Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global IGBT Chip Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 IGBT Chip Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 IGBT Chip Industry Value Chain
10.2 IGBT Chip Upstream Market
10.3 IGBT Chip Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 IGBT Chip Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
Ask Our Expert

Leave This Empty:

*Required Information
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of IGBT Chip in Global Market
Table 2. Top IGBT Chip Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global IGBT Chip Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global IGBT Chip Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global IGBT Chip Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global IGBT Chip Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers IGBT Chip Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers IGBT Chip Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 IGBT Chip Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 IGBT Chip Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Infineon Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 47. Infineon Technologies IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 48. Infineon Technologies IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Fuji Electric Corporate Summary
Table 50. Fuji Electric IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 51. Fuji Electric IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 53. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 54. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Hitachi ABB Corporate Summary
Table 56. Hitachi ABB IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 57. Hitachi ABB IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Toshiba Corporate Summary
Table 59. Toshiba IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 60. Toshiba IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Starpower Semiconductor Corporate Summary
Table 62. Starpower Semiconductor IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 63. Starpower Semiconductor IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. MacMic Science & Technology Corporate Summary
Table 65. MacMic Science & Technology IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 66. MacMic Science & Technology IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. CRRC Corporate Summary
Table 68. CRRC IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 69. CRRC IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. BYD Corporate Summary
Table 71. BYD IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 72. BYD IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Littelfuse (IXYS) Corporate Summary
Table 74. Littelfuse (IXYS) IGBT Chip Product Offerings
Table 75. Littelfuse (IXYS) IGBT Chip Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. IGBT Chip Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 77. Global IGBT Chip Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 78. Global IGBT Chip Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 79. Global IGBT Chip Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 80. IGBT Chip Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 81. IGBT Chip Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 82. IGBT Chip Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 83. IGBT Chip Raw Materials
Table 84. IGBT Chip Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 85. Typical IGBT Chip Downstream
Table 86. IGBT Chip Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 87. IGBT Chip Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. IGBT Chip Segment by Type
Figure 2. IGBT Chip Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global IGBT Chip Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global IGBT Chip Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global IGBT Chip Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. IGBT Chip Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by IGBT Chip Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global IGBT Chip Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global IGBT Chip Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa IGBT Chip Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE IGBT Chip Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global IGBT Chip Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production IGBT Chip by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. IGBT Chip Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels

Buy Full Report

Select Licence type with your requirement and needs

SECURITY ASSUREDpayment image

analyst icon
Still not found what you want?

Speak to our Custom Research Team and get the Custom Research in a budget

Custom Research


Frequently Asked Questions ?

  • A license granted to one user.

    A license granted to one user. Rules or conditions might be applied for e.g. the use of electric files (PDFs) or printings, depending on product.

  • Multi user License

    A license granted to multiple users.

  • Site License

    A license granted to a single business site/establishment.

  • Corporate License, Global License

    A license granted to all employees within organisation access to the product.

  • Upto Working 24 to 48 hrs

  • Upto 72 hrs max - Weekends and Public Holidays

  • Online Payments with PayPal and CCavenue

  • Wire Transfer/Bank Transfer

  • Email

  • Hard Copy

WHY CHOOSE US

  • Proactive We manage our resources 24/7 to identify issues and address them before they become problems
  • Quality & Reliability We are committed to providing reliable and highly accurate data with an excellent quality control system
  • Global Outreach 6 Major regions and 40+ countries level analysis accomplished
  • Competitive Pricing Our pricing strategy is highly competitive in the market, without compensating on the quality and the timeline of project delivery

SAMPLE REPORT INCLUDES
  • Industry Market SizeIndustry Market Size
  • SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis
  • Industry Major PlayersIndustry Major Players
  • Revenue ForecastsRevenue Forecasts
  • Historical and Forecast GrowthHistorical and Forecast Growth
  • Profitability AnalysisProfitability Analysis
SOME OF OUR CLIENTS
WHAT SET US APART?
  • quilty

    Quality Assurance

    Focus on Data Accuracy & Reliability
  • quilty

    Trusted by the Best

    75+ Clients in Fortune 500
  • quilty

    Privacy and Security

    All your transactions are secured end-to-end, ensuring a satisfactory purchase
  • quilty

    Competitive Pricing

    Ensure the best and affordable pricing
OUR HAPPY CUSTOMER Some of our customer review
Stay Updated About IGBT Chip and Forecast Market

Leave This Empty: