DC-DC Charge Pump and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 DC-DC Charge Pump Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Overall Market Size
2.1 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales: 2018-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top DC-DC Charge Pump Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global DC-DC Charge Pump Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales by Companies
3.5 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 DC-DC Charge Pump Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers DC-DC Charge Pump Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 DC-DC Charge Pump Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 DC-DC Charge Pump Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 DC-DC Charge Pump Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 Regulated
4.1.3 Unregulated
4.2 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2024-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
4.3 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2024-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
4.4 By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Low-Power Industrial
5.1.3 Personal Electronics
5.1.4 Telecommunications
5.2 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2024-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5.3 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2024-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
5.4 By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2024-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2024-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2030
6.4.3 US DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 Canada DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Mexico DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Germany DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 France DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 U.K. DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 Italy DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.7 Russia DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.9 Benelux DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2030
6.6.3 China DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.4 Japan DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.5 South Korea DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.7 India DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Brazil DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Argentina DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, 2018-2030
6.8.3 Turkey DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.4 Israel DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.6 UAE DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Texas Instruments
7.1.1 Texas Instruments Company Summary
7.1.2 Texas Instruments Business Overview
7.1.3 Texas Instruments DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Texas Instruments DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Texas Instruments Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Analog Devices
7.2.1 Analog Devices Company Summary
7.2.2 Analog Devices Business Overview
7.2.3 Analog Devices DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Analog Devices DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Analog Devices Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 ams
7.3.1 ams Company Summary
7.3.2 ams Business Overview
7.3.3 ams DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 ams DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 ams Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Maxim Integrated Products
7.4.1 Maxim Integrated Products Company Summary
7.4.2 Maxim Integrated Products Business Overview
7.4.3 Maxim Integrated Products DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Maxim Integrated Products DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Maxim Integrated Products Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 ON Semiconductor
7.5.1 ON Semiconductor Company Summary
7.5.2 ON Semiconductor Business Overview
7.5.3 ON Semiconductor DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 ON Semiconductor DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 ON Semiconductor Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Renesas Electronics
7.6.1 Renesas Electronics Company Summary
7.6.2 Renesas Electronics Business Overview
7.6.3 Renesas Electronics DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Renesas Electronics DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Renesas Electronics Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Microchip Technology
7.7.1 Microchip Technology Company Summary
7.7.2 Microchip Technology Business Overview
7.7.3 Microchip Technology DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Microchip Technology DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Microchip Technology Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 STMicroelectronics
7.8.1 STMicroelectronics Company Summary
7.8.2 STMicroelectronics Business Overview
7.8.3 STMicroelectronics DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 STMicroelectronics DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 STMicroelectronics Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Infineon Technologies
7.9.1 Infineon Technologies Company Summary
7.9.2 Infineon Technologies Business Overview
7.9.3 Infineon Technologies DC-DC Charge Pump Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Infineon Technologies DC-DC Charge Pump Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Infineon Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Production Capacity, 2018-2030
8.2 DC-DC Charge Pump Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global DC-DC Charge Pump Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 DC-DC Charge Pump Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 DC-DC Charge Pump Industry Value Chain
10.2 DC-DC Charge Pump Upstream Market
10.3 DC-DC Charge Pump Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 DC-DC Charge Pump Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of DC-DC Charge Pump in Global Market
Table 2. Top DC-DC Charge Pump Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers DC-DC Charge Pump Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers DC-DC Charge Pump Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 DC-DC Charge Pump Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 DC-DC Charge Pump Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Sales, (K Units), 2024-2030
Table 46. Texas Instruments Company Summary
Table 47. Texas Instruments DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 48. Texas Instruments DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Texas Instruments Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Analog Devices Company Summary
Table 51. Analog Devices DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 52. Analog Devices DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Analog Devices Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. ams Company Summary
Table 55. ams DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 56. ams DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. ams Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Maxim Integrated Products Company Summary
Table 59. Maxim Integrated Products DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 60. Maxim Integrated Products DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Maxim Integrated Products Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. ON Semiconductor Company Summary
Table 63. ON Semiconductor DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 64. ON Semiconductor DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. ON Semiconductor Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Renesas Electronics Company Summary
Table 67. Renesas Electronics DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 68. Renesas Electronics DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Renesas Electronics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Microchip Technology Company Summary
Table 71. Microchip Technology DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 72. Microchip Technology DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Microchip Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. STMicroelectronics Company Summary
Table 75. STMicroelectronics DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 76. STMicroelectronics DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. STMicroelectronics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Infineon Technologies Company Summary
Table 79. Infineon Technologies DC-DC Charge Pump Product Offerings
Table 80. Infineon Technologies DC-DC Charge Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. Infineon Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. DC-DC Charge Pump Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 83. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 84. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 85. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Production by Region, 2024-2030 (K Units)
Table 86. DC-DC Charge Pump Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. DC-DC Charge Pump Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. DC-DC Charge Pump Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. DC-DC Charge Pump Raw Materials
Table 90. DC-DC Charge Pump Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical DC-DC Charge Pump Downstream
Table 92. DC-DC Charge Pump Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. DC-DC Charge Pump Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. DC-DC Charge Pump Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. DC-DC Charge Pump Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. DC-DC Charge Pump Sales in Global Market: 2018-2030 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 23. US DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 24. Canada DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. Mexico DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 28. Germany DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. France DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. U.K. DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. Italy DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 32. Russia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 34. Benelux DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 37. China DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. Japan DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 39. South Korea DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. India DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 44. Brazil DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 45. Argentina DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa DC-DC Charge Pump Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 48. Turkey DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 49. Israel DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 51. UAE DC-DC Charge Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 52. Global DC-DC Charge Pump Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production DC-DC Charge Pump by Region, 2022 VS 2030
Figure 54. DC-DC Charge Pump Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels