Air Core Inductor Coils and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Air Core Inductor Coils Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size: 2023 VS 2030
2.2 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2019-2030
2.3 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales: 2019-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Air Core Inductor Coils Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Air Core Inductor Coils Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Air Core Inductor Coils Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2023
3.7 Global Manufacturers Air Core Inductor Coils Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Air Core Inductor Coils Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Air Core Inductor Coils Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Air Core Inductor Coils Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size Markets, 2023 & 2030
4.1.2 Air Core
4.1.3 Organic Material
4.1.4 Ceramics
4.2 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2024
4.2.2 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2025-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
4.3 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2024
4.3.2 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2025-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
4.4 By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2023 & 2030
5.1.2 Consumer Electronics
5.1.3 Vehicle Electronics
5.1.4 Communications Industry
5.1.5 Industrial Application
5.1.6 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2024
5.2.2 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2025-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2024
5.3.2 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2025-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2023 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2024
6.2.2 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2025-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2024
6.3.2 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2025-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2030
6.4.3 US Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.4 Canada Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2030
6.5.3 Germany Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.4 France Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.6 Italy Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.7 Russia Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2030
6.6.3 China Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.4 Japan Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.7 India Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, 2019-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.4 Israel Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
6.8.6 UAE Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size, 2019-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 AVX
7.1.1 AVX Company Summary
7.1.2 AVX Business Overview
7.1.3 AVX Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 AVX Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.1.5 AVX Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Wurth
7.2.1 Wurth Company Summary
7.2.2 Wurth Business Overview
7.2.3 Wurth Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Wurth Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.2.5 Wurth Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Sagami Elec
7.3.1 Sagami Elec Company Summary
7.3.2 Sagami Elec Business Overview
7.3.3 Sagami Elec Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Sagami Elec Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.3.5 Sagami Elec Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Dayton Audio
7.4.1 Dayton Audio Company Summary
7.4.2 Dayton Audio Business Overview
7.4.3 Dayton Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Dayton Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.4.5 Dayton Audio Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Jantzen Audio
7.5.1 Jantzen Audio Company Summary
7.5.2 Jantzen Audio Business Overview
7.5.3 Jantzen Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Jantzen Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.5.5 Jantzen Audio Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Mundorf
7.6.1 Mundorf Company Summary
7.6.2 Mundorf Business Overview
7.6.3 Mundorf Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Mundorf Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.6.5 Mundorf Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Coilcraft Inc.
7.7.1 Coilcraft Inc. Company Summary
7.7.2 Coilcraft Inc. Business Overview
7.7.3 Coilcraft Inc. Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Coilcraft Inc. Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.7.5 Coilcraft Inc. Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 ERSE Audio
7.8.1 ERSE Audio Company Summary
7.8.2 ERSE Audio Business Overview
7.8.3 ERSE Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 ERSE Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.8.5 ERSE Audio Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Automated Industrial Motion
7.9.1 Automated Industrial Motion Company Summary
7.9.2 Automated Industrial Motion Business Overview
7.9.3 Automated Industrial Motion Air Core Inductor Coils Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Automated Industrial Motion Air Core Inductor Coils Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.9.5 Automated Industrial Motion Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Production Capacity, 2019-2030
8.2 Air Core Inductor Coils Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Air Core Inductor Coils Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Air Core Inductor Coils Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Air Core Inductor Coils Industry Value Chain
10.2 Air Core Inductor Coils Upstream Market
10.3 Air Core Inductor Coils Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Air Core Inductor Coils Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Air Core Inductor Coils in Global Market
Table 2. Top Air Core Inductor Coils Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table 3. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 4. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 5. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales by Companies, (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 6. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Air Core Inductor Coils Price (2019-2024) & (US$/K Units)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Air Core Inductor Coils Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Air Core Inductor Coils Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Air Core Inductor Coils Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 13. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 15. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 18. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 20. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 23. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 25. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 27. By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 29. By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 31. By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 33. By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 35. By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 37. By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 39. By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 41. By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2019-2024
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Sales, (M Units), 2025-2030
Table 46. AVX Company Summary
Table 47. AVX Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 48. AVX Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 49. AVX Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Wurth Company Summary
Table 51. Wurth Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 52. Wurth Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 53. Wurth Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Sagami Elec Company Summary
Table 55. Sagami Elec Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 56. Sagami Elec Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 57. Sagami Elec Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Dayton Audio Company Summary
Table 59. Dayton Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 60. Dayton Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 61. Dayton Audio Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Jantzen Audio Company Summary
Table 63. Jantzen Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 64. Jantzen Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 65. Jantzen Audio Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Mundorf Company Summary
Table 67. Mundorf Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 68. Mundorf Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 69. Mundorf Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Coilcraft Inc. Company Summary
Table 71. Coilcraft Inc. Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 72. Coilcraft Inc. Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 73. Coilcraft Inc. Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. ERSE Audio Company Summary
Table 75. ERSE Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 76. ERSE Audio Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 77. ERSE Audio Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Automated Industrial Motion Company Summary
Table 79. Automated Industrial Motion Air Core Inductor Coils Product Offerings
Table 80. Automated Industrial Motion Air Core Inductor Coils Sales (M Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/K Units) (2019-2024)
Table 81. Automated Industrial Motion Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Air Core Inductor Coils Production Capacity (M Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2022-2024 (M Units)
Table 83. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2022-2024
Table 84. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Production by Region, 2019-2024 (M Units)
Table 85. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Production by Region, 2025-2030 (M Units)
Table 86. Air Core Inductor Coils Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Air Core Inductor Coils Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Air Core Inductor Coils Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Air Core Inductor Coils Raw Materials
Table 90. Air Core Inductor Coils Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Air Core Inductor Coils Downstream
Table 92. Air Core Inductor Coils Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Air Core Inductor Coils Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Air Core Inductor Coils Segment by Type in 2023
Figure 2. Air Core Inductor Coils Segment by Application in 2023
Figure 3. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Overview: 2023
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Market Size: 2023 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, 2019-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Air Core Inductor Coils Sales in Global Market: 2019-2030 (M Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue in 2023
Figure 9. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Price (US$/K Units), 2019-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Price (US$/K Units), 2019-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 23. US Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 24. Canada Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 25. Mexico Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 28. Germany Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 29. France Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 30. U.K. Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 31. Italy Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 32. Russia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 34. Benelux Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 37. China Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 38. Japan Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 39. South Korea Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 41. India Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 44. Brazil Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 45. Argentina Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Air Core Inductor Coils Sales Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 48. Turkey Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 49. Israel Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 51. UAE Air Core Inductor Coils Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 52. Global Air Core Inductor Coils Production Capacity (M Units), 2019-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Air Core Inductor Coils by Region, 2023 VS 2030
Figure 54. Air Core Inductor Coils Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels