Portable Analytical Instruments and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Portable Analytical Instruments Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Portable Analytical Instruments Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Portable Analytical Instruments Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Portable Analytical Instruments Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Portable Analytical Instruments Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Portable Analytical Instruments Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Portable Analytical Instruments Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Portable Analytical Instruments Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Spectrometers
4.1.3 Gas and TOC Analyzers
4.1.4 Thermal Analyzers
4.1.5 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies
5.1.3 Food and Beverage Companies
5.1.4 Environmental Testing Organizations
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Agilent Technologies
7.1.1 Agilent Technologies Company Summary
7.1.2 Agilent Technologies Business Overview
7.1.3 Agilent Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Agilent Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Agilent Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Bruker
7.2.1 Bruker Company Summary
7.2.2 Bruker Business Overview
7.2.3 Bruker Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Bruker Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Bruker Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Danaher
7.3.1 Danaher Company Summary
7.3.2 Danaher Business Overview
7.3.3 Danaher Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Danaher Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Danaher Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Shimadzu
7.4.1 Shimadzu Company Summary
7.4.2 Shimadzu Business Overview
7.4.3 Shimadzu Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Shimadzu Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Shimadzu Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific
7.5.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Summary
7.5.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific Business Overview
7.5.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 B&W Tek
7.6.1 B&W Tek Company Summary
7.6.2 B&W Tek Business Overview
7.6.3 B&W Tek Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 B&W Tek Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 B&W Tek Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 HORIBA
7.7.1 HORIBA Company Summary
7.7.2 HORIBA Business Overview
7.7.3 HORIBA Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 HORIBA Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 HORIBA Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Jasco
7.8.1 Jasco Company Summary
7.8.2 Jasco Business Overview
7.8.3 Jasco Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Jasco Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Jasco Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Teledyne Technologies
7.9.1 Teledyne Technologies Company Summary
7.9.2 Teledyne Technologies Business Overview
7.9.3 Teledyne Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Teledyne Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Teledyne Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Portable Analytical Instruments Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Portable Analytical Instruments Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Portable Analytical Instruments Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Portable Analytical Instruments Industry Value Chain
10.2 Portable Analytical Instruments Upstream Market
10.3 Portable Analytical Instruments Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Portable Analytical Instruments Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Portable Analytical Instruments in Global Market
Table 2. Top Portable Analytical Instruments Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Portable Analytical Instruments Price (2018-2023) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Portable Analytical Instruments Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Portable Analytical Instruments Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Portable Analytical Instruments Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application ? Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region ? Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. Agilent Technologies Company Summary
Table 47. Agilent Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 48. Agilent Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Agilent Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Bruker Company Summary
Table 51. Bruker Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 52. Bruker Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Bruker Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Danaher Company Summary
Table 55. Danaher Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 56. Danaher Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Danaher Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Shimadzu Company Summary
Table 59. Shimadzu Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 60. Shimadzu Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Shimadzu Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Summary
Table 63. Thermo Fisher Scientific Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 64. Thermo Fisher Scientific Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Thermo Fisher Scientific Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. B&W Tek Company Summary
Table 67. B&W Tek Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 68. B&W Tek Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. B&W Tek Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. HORIBA Company Summary
Table 71. HORIBA Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 72. HORIBA Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. HORIBA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Jasco Company Summary
Table 75. Jasco Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 76. Jasco Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Jasco Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Teledyne Technologies Company Summary
Table 79. Teledyne Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Product Offerings
Table 80. Teledyne Technologies Portable Analytical Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. Teledyne Technologies Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Portable Analytical Instruments Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 84. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 86. Portable Analytical Instruments Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Portable Analytical Instruments Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Portable Analytical Instruments Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Portable Analytical Instruments Raw Materials
Table 90. Portable Analytical Instruments Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Portable Analytical Instruments Downstream
Table 92. Portable Analytical Instruments Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Portable Analytical Instruments Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Portable Analytical Instruments Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Portable Analytical Instruments Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Portable Analytical Instruments Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Portable Analytical Instruments Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE Portable Analytical Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global Portable Analytical Instruments Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Portable Analytical Instruments by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. Portable Analytical Instruments Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
