Aircraft Instruments Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Aircraft Instruments Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Aircraft Instruments Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Aircraft Instruments Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Aircraft Instruments Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Aircraft Instruments Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Aircraft Instruments Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Aircraft Instruments Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Aircraft Instruments Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Aircraft Instruments Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Aircraft Instruments Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Aircraft Instruments Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Aircraft Instruments Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Aircraft Instruments Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Aircraft Instruments Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Altimeter
4.1.3 Gyroscope
4.1.4 Autopilot
4.1.5 Airspeed Indicator
4.1.6 Magnetic Compass
4.1.7 Navigational System
4.1.8 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Military Aircraft
5.1.3 Civil Aircraft
5.2 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Aircraft Instruments Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Honeywell International
7.1.1 Honeywell International Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Honeywell International Business Overview
7.1.3 Honeywell International Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Honeywell International Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Honeywell International Key News
7.2 Rockwell Collins
7.2.1 Rockwell Collins Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Rockwell Collins Business Overview
7.2.3 Rockwell Collins Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Rockwell Collins Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Rockwell Collins Key News
7.3 Northrop Grumman Corporation
7.3.1 Northrop Grumman Corporation Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Northrop Grumman Corporation Business Overview
7.3.3 Northrop Grumman Corporation Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Northrop Grumman Corporation Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Northrop Grumman Corporation Key News
7.4 Raytheon Company
7.4.1 Raytheon Company Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Raytheon Company Business Overview
7.4.3 Raytheon Company Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Raytheon Company Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Raytheon Company Key News
7.5 The Boeing Company
7.5.1 The Boeing Company Corporate Summary
7.5.2 The Boeing Company Business Overview
7.5.3 The Boeing Company Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 The Boeing Company Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 The Boeing Company Key News
7.6 MOOG
7.6.1 MOOG Corporate Summary
7.6.2 MOOG Business Overview
7.6.3 MOOG Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 MOOG Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 MOOG Key News
7.7 Sagem
7.7.1 Sagem Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Sagem Business Overview
7.7.3 Sagem Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Sagem Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Sagem Key News
7.8 Universal Avionics Systems Corporation
7.8.1 Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Corporate Summary
7.8.2 Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Business Overview
7.8.3 Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Key News
7.9 Garmin
7.9.1 Garmin Corporate Summary
7.9.2 Garmin Business Overview
7.9.3 Garmin Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Garmin Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 Garmin Key News
7.10 Thommen Aircraft Equipment
7.10.1 Thommen Aircraft Equipment Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Thommen Aircraft Equipment Business Overview
7.10.3 Thommen Aircraft Equipment Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Thommen Aircraft Equipment Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 Thommen Aircraft Equipment Key News
7.11 LXNAV Gliding
7.11.1 LXNAV Gliding Corporate Summary
7.11.2 LXNAV Gliding Aircraft Instruments Business Overview
7.11.3 LXNAV Gliding Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 LXNAV Gliding Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.11.5 LXNAV Gliding Key News
7.12 Kanardia
7.12.1 Kanardia Corporate Summary
7.12.2 Kanardia Aircraft Instruments Business Overview
7.12.3 Kanardia Aircraft Instruments Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Kanardia Aircraft Instruments Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.12.5 Kanardia Key News
8 Global Aircraft Instruments Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Aircraft Instruments Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Aircraft Instruments Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Aircraft Instruments Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Aircraft Instruments Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Aircraft Instruments Industry Value Chain
10.2 Aircraft Instruments Upstream Market
10.3 Aircraft Instruments Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Aircraft Instruments Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Aircraft Instruments in Global Market
Table 2. Top Aircraft Instruments Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Aircraft Instruments Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Aircraft Instruments Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Aircraft Instruments Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Aircraft Instruments Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Aircraft Instruments Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Honeywell International Corporate Summary
Table 47. Honeywell International Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 48. Honeywell International Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Rockwell Collins Corporate Summary
Table 50. Rockwell Collins Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 51. Rockwell Collins Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Northrop Grumman Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 53. Northrop Grumman Corporation Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 54. Northrop Grumman Corporation Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Raytheon Company Corporate Summary
Table 56. Raytheon Company Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 57. Raytheon Company Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. The Boeing Company Corporate Summary
Table 59. The Boeing Company Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 60. The Boeing Company Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. MOOG Corporate Summary
Table 62. MOOG Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 63. MOOG Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Sagem Corporate Summary
Table 65. Sagem Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 66. Sagem Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 68. Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 69. Universal Avionics Systems Corporation Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Garmin Corporate Summary
Table 71. Garmin Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 72. Garmin Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Thommen Aircraft Equipment Corporate Summary
Table 74. Thommen Aircraft Equipment Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 75. Thommen Aircraft Equipment Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. LXNAV Gliding Corporate Summary
Table 77. LXNAV Gliding Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 78. LXNAV Gliding Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Kanardia Corporate Summary
Table 80. Kanardia Aircraft Instruments Product Offerings
Table 81. Kanardia Aircraft Instruments Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 82. Aircraft Instruments Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Aircraft Instruments Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 84. Global Aircraft Instruments Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Aircraft Instruments Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 86. Aircraft Instruments Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Aircraft Instruments Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Aircraft Instruments Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Aircraft Instruments Raw Materials
Table 90. Aircraft Instruments Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Aircraft Instruments Downstream
Table 92. Aircraft Instruments Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Aircraft Instruments Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Aircraft Instruments Segment by Type
Figure 2. Aircraft Instruments Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Aircraft Instruments Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Aircraft Instruments Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Aircraft Instruments Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Aircraft Instruments Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Aircraft Instruments Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Aircraft Instruments Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft Instruments Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Aircraft Instruments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Aircraft Instruments Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Aircraft Instruments by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Aircraft Instruments Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels