Adhesive Applicators Market
1 Adhesive Applicators Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Adhesive Applicators
1.2 Adhesive Applicators Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2022 VS 2028
1.2.2 Pneumatic
1.2.3 Eectric
1.2.4 Mannual
1.3 Adhesive Applicators Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption Comparison by Application: 2022 VS 2028
1.3.2 Construction & Decoration
1.3.3 Industrial & Consumer Goods
1.3.4 Automotive
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.4.2 Global Adhesive Applicators Production Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Market Size by Region
1.5.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 North America Adhesive Applicators Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.3 Europe Adhesive Applicators Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.4 China Adhesive Applicators Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Japan Adhesive Applicators Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.3 Adhesive Applicators Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Adhesive Applicators Average Price by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.5 Manufacturers Adhesive Applicators Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Adhesive Applicators Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Adhesive Applicators Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Adhesive Applicators Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production by Region
3.1 Global Production of Adhesive Applicators Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
3.3 Global Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.4 North America Adhesive Applicators Production
3.4.1 North America Adhesive Applicators Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.4.2 North America Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.5 Europe Adhesive Applicators Production
3.5.1 Europe Adhesive Applicators Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.5.2 Europe Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.6 China Adhesive Applicators Production
3.6.1 China Adhesive Applicators Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.6.2 China Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.7 Japan Adhesive Applicators Production
3.7.1 Japan Adhesive Applicators Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.7.2 Japan Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
4 Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 China Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.3 Global Adhesive Applicators Price by Type (2017-2022)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.3 Global Adhesive Applicators Price by Application (2017-2022)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 3M Company
7.1.1 3M Company Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.1.2 3M Company Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.1.3 3M Company Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.1.4 3M Company Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 3M Company Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Bona
7.2.1 Bona Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.2.2 Bona Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Bona Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.2.4 Bona Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Bona Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Sulzer Mixpac
7.3.1 Sulzer Mixpac Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.3.2 Sulzer Mixpac Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Sulzer Mixpac Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.3.4 Sulzer Mixpac Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Sulzer Mixpac Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Surebonder
7.4.1 Surebonder Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.4.2 Surebonder Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Surebonder Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.4 Surebonder Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Surebonder Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Ad Tech
7.5.1 Ad Tech Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.5.2 Ad Tech Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Ad Tech Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.4 Ad Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Ad Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Power Adhesives
7.6.1 Power Adhesives Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.6.2 Power Adhesives Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Power Adhesives Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.4 Power Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Power Adhesives Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Preo
7.7.1 Preo Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
7.7.2 Preo Adhesive Applicators Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Preo Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.4 Preo Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Preo Recent Developments/Updates
8 Adhesive Applicators Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Adhesive Applicators Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Adhesive Applicators
8.4 Adhesive Applicators Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Adhesive Applicators Distributors List
9.3 Adhesive Applicators Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Adhesive Applicators Industry Trends
10.2 Adhesive Applicators Market Drivers
10.3 Adhesive Applicators Market Challenges
10.4 Adhesive Applicators Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Adhesive Applicators by Region (2023-2028)
11.2 North America Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.3 Europe Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.4 China Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.5 Japan Adhesive Applicators Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Adhesive Applicators
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Adhesive Applicators by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Adhesive Applicators by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Adhesive Applicators by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Adhesive Applicators by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2023-2028)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Adhesive Applicators by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Adhesive Applicators by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Adhesive Applicators by Type (2023-2028)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Adhesive Applicators by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.1 Global Forecasted Production of Adhesive Applicators by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Adhesive Applicators by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.3 Global Forecasted Price of Adhesive Applicators by Application (2023-2028)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Adhesive Applicators Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
Table 2. Global Adhesive Applicators Market Size by Application (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
Table 3. Adhesive Applicators Market Size Comparison by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 4. Global Adhesive Applicators Production by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 6. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 7. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Adhesive Applicators as of 2021)
Table 10. Global Market Adhesive Applicators Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 11. Manufacturers Adhesive Applicators Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Adhesive Applicators Product Types
Table 13. Global Adhesive Applicators Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 16. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 17. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 18. Global Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 19. North America Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 20. Europe Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 21. China Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 22. Japan Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 23. Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 25. North America Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 26. Europe Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 28. Latin America Adhesive Applicators Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 30. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 31. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 32. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 33. Global Adhesive Applicators Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 34. Global Adhesive Applicators Production by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 36. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 37. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 38. Global Adhesive Applicators Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 39. 3M Company Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 40. 3M Company Specification and Application
Table 41. 3M Company Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 42. 3M Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 43. 3M Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 44. Bona Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 45. Bona Specification and Application
Table 46. Bona Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 47. Bona Main Business and Markets Served
Table 48. Bona Recent Developments/Updates
Table 49. Sulzer Mixpac Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 50. Sulzer Mixpac Specification and Application
Table 51. Sulzer Mixpac Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 52. Sulzer Mixpac Main Business and Markets Served
Table 53. Sulzer Mixpac Recent Developments/Updates
Table 54. Surebonder Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 55. Surebonder Specification and Application
Table 56. Surebonder Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 57. Surebonder Main Business and Markets Served
Table 58. Surebonder Recent Developments/Updates
Table 59. Ad Tech Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 60. Ad Tech Specification and Application
Table 61. Ad Tech Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 62. Ad Tech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 63. Ad Tech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 64. Power Adhesives Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 65. Power Adhesives Specification and Application
Table 66. Power Adhesives Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 67. Power Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Power Adhesives Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Preo Adhesive Applicators Corporation Information
Table 70. Preo Specification and Application
Table 71. Preo Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 72. Preo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Preo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 75. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 76. Adhesive Applicators Distributors List
Table 77. Adhesive Applicators Customers List
Table 78. Adhesive Applicators Market Trends
Table 79. Adhesive Applicators Market Drivers
Table 80. Adhesive Applicators Market Challenges
Table 81. Adhesive Applicators Market Restraints
Table 82. Global Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Table 83. North America Adhesive Applicators Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 84. Europe Adhesive Applicators Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 85. Asia Pacific Adhesive Applicators Consumption Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 86. Latin America Adhesive Applicators Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 87. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 88. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Global Adhesive Applicators Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 90. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 91. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Global Adhesive Applicators Price Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 93. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 94. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 95. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Adhesive Applicators
Figure 2. Global Adhesive Applicators Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 3. Pneumatic Product Picture
Figure 4. Eectric Product Picture
Figure 5. Mannual Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Adhesive Applicators Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 7. Construction & Decoration
Figure 8. Industrial & Consumer Goods
Figure 9. Automotive
Figure 10. Other
Figure 11. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 12. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) (2017-2028)
Figure 13. Global Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) & (2017-2028)
Figure 14. North America Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Europe Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 16. China Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. Japan Adhesive Applicators Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. Adhesive Applicators Production Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 19. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 20. Adhesive Applicators Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
Figure 21. Global Market Adhesive Applicators Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Adhesive Applicators Revenue in 2021
Figure 23. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 24. North America Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 25. Europe Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 26. China Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 27. Japan Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 28. Global Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 29. North America Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 30. North America Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 31. Canada Adhesive Applicators Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 32. U.S. Adhesive Applicators Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 33. Europe Adhesive Applicators Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 35. Germany Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 36. France Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 37. U.K. Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Italy Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Russia Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2021
Figure 42. China Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Japan Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 44. South Korea Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 45. China Taiwan Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 47. India Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Australia Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America Adhesive Applicators Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 51. Mexico Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Adhesive Applicators Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Production Market Share of Adhesive Applicators by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Adhesive Applicators by Type in 2021
Figure 55. Revenue Share of Adhesive Applicators by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 56. Revenue Market Share of Adhesive Applicators by Type in 2021
Figure 57. Production Market Share of Adhesive Applicators by Application (2017-2022)
Figure 58. Production Market Share of Adhesive Applicators by Application in 2021
Figure 59. Revenue Share of Adhesive Applicators by Application (2017-2022)
Figure 60. Revenue Market Share of Adhesive Applicators by Application in 2021
Figure 61. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Adhesive Applicators
Figure 62. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Adhesive Applicators
Figure 63. Adhesive Applicators Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Figure 67. North America Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 68. Europe Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 69. China Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 70. Japan Adhesive Applicators Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 71. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Adhesive Applicators (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 72. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 73. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 74. Global Adhesive Applicators Production Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 75. Global Adhesive Applicators Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 76. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 77. Data Triangulation