Intravenous System Access Devices and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Intravenous System Access Devices Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Intravenous System Access Devices Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Intravenous System Access Devices Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Intravenous System Access Devices Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Intravenous System Access Devices Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Intravenous System Access Devices Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Intravenous System Access Devices Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Intravenous System Access Devices Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Catheters
4.1.3 Needles
4.1.4 Pumps
4.2 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Hospitals and clinics
5.1.3 Ambulatory surgery centers
5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 BD
7.1.1 BD Company Summary
7.1.2 BD Business Overview
7.1.3 BD Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 BD Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 BD Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Teleflex,
7.2.1 Teleflex, Company Summary
7.2.2 Teleflex, Business Overview
7.2.3 Teleflex, Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Teleflex, Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Teleflex, Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 C.R. Bard
7.3.1 C.R. Bard Company Summary
7.3.2 C.R. Bard Business Overview
7.3.3 C.R. Bard Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 C.R. Bard Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 C.R. Bard Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Fresenius Medical Care
7.4.1 Fresenius Medical Care Company Summary
7.4.2 Fresenius Medical Care Business Overview
7.4.3 Fresenius Medical Care Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Fresenius Medical Care Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Fresenius Medical Care Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Smiths Medical
7.5.1 Smiths Medical Company Summary
7.5.2 Smiths Medical Business Overview
7.5.3 Smiths Medical Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Smiths Medical Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Smiths Medical Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Hospira,
7.6.1 Hospira, Company Summary
7.6.2 Hospira, Business Overview
7.6.3 Hospira, Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Hospira, Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Hospira, Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Medtronic
7.7.1 Medtronic Company Summary
7.7.2 Medtronic Business Overview
7.7.3 Medtronic Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Medtronic Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Medtronic Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
7.8.1 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Company Summary
7.8.2 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Business Overview
7.8.3 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Baxter International
7.9.1 Baxter International Company Summary
7.9.2 Baxter International Business Overview
7.9.3 Baxter International Intravenous System Access Devices Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Baxter International Intravenous System Access Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Baxter International Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Intravenous System Access Devices Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Intravenous System Access Devices Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Intravenous System Access Devices Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Intravenous System Access Devices Industry Value Chain
10.2 Intravenous System Access Devices Upstream Market
10.3 Intravenous System Access Devices Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Intravenous System Access Devices Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Intravenous System Access Devices in Global Market
Table 2. Top Intravenous System Access Devices Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Intravenous System Access Devices Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Intravenous System Access Devices Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Intravenous System Access Devices Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Intravenous System Access Devices Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application ? Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region ? Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. BD Company Summary
Table 47. BD Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 48. BD Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. BD Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Teleflex, Company Summary
Table 51. Teleflex, Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 52. Teleflex, Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Teleflex, Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. C.R. Bard Company Summary
Table 55. C.R. Bard Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 56. C.R. Bard Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. C.R. Bard Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Fresenius Medical Care Company Summary
Table 59. Fresenius Medical Care Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 60. Fresenius Medical Care Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Fresenius Medical Care Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Smiths Medical Company Summary
Table 63. Smiths Medical Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 64. Smiths Medical Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Smiths Medical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Hospira, Company Summary
Table 67. Hospira, Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 68. Hospira, Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Hospira, Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Medtronic Company Summary
Table 71. Medtronic Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 72. Medtronic Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Medtronic Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Company Summary
Table 75. Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 76. Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Baxter International Company Summary
Table 79. Baxter International Intravenous System Access Devices Product Offerings
Table 80. Baxter International Intravenous System Access Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. Baxter International Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Intravenous System Access Devices Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 84. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 86. Intravenous System Access Devices Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Intravenous System Access Devices Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Intravenous System Access Devices Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Intravenous System Access Devices Raw Materials
Table 90. Intravenous System Access Devices Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Intravenous System Access Devices Downstream
Table 92. Intravenous System Access Devices Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Intravenous System Access Devices Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Intravenous System Access Devices Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Intravenous System Access Devices Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Intravenous System Access Devices Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Intravenous System Access Devices Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE Intravenous System Access Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global Intravenous System Access Devices Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Intravenous System Access Devices by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. Intravenous System Access Devices Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels