Broadband Power Meter and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Broadband Power Meter Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Broadband Power Meter Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Broadband Power Meter Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Broadband Power Meter Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Broadband Power Meter Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Broadband Power Meter Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Broadband Power Meter Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Broadband Power Meter Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Broadband Power Meter Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Broadband Power Meter Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Broadband Power Meter Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Broadband Power Meter Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Broadband Power Meter Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Broadband Power Meter Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Microwave Power Meter
4.1.3 Peak Power Meter
4.1.4 Directional Power Meter
4.1.5 RF Power Meter
4.1.6 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Optical Power Measurement
5.1.3 Electrical Test
5.1.4 Fiber Inspection
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Broadband Power Meter Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Accuenergy
7.1.1 Accuenergy Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Accuenergy Business Overview
7.1.3 Accuenergy Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Accuenergy Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Accuenergy Key News
7.2 Acrel
7.2.1 Acrel Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Acrel Business Overview
7.2.3 Acrel Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Acrel Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Acrel Key News
7.3 Electro-Meters
7.3.1 Electro-Meters Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Electro-Meters Business Overview
7.3.3 Electro-Meters Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Electro-Meters Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Electro-Meters Key News
7.4 Anritsu
7.4.1 Anritsu Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Anritsu Business Overview
7.4.3 Anritsu Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Anritsu Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Anritsu Key News
7.5 Boonton Electronics
7.5.1 Boonton Electronics Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Boonton Electronics Business Overview
7.5.3 Boonton Electronics Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Boonton Electronics Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 Boonton Electronics Key News
7.6 Aimil
7.6.1 Aimil Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Aimil Business Overview
7.6.3 Aimil Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Aimil Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 Aimil Key News
7.7 Viavi Solutions
7.7.1 Viavi Solutions Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Viavi Solutions Business Overview
7.7.3 Viavi Solutions Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Viavi Solutions Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Viavi Solutions Key News
7.8 Rohde & Schwarz
7.8.1 Rohde & Schwarz Corporate Summary
7.8.2 Rohde & Schwarz Business Overview
7.8.3 Rohde & Schwarz Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Rohde & Schwarz Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 Rohde & Schwarz Key News
7.9 Bird Company
7.9.1 Bird Company Corporate Summary
7.9.2 Bird Company Business Overview
7.9.3 Bird Company Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Bird Company Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 Bird Company Key News
7.10 MWM Lab
7.10.1 MWM Lab Corporate Summary
7.10.2 MWM Lab Business Overview
7.10.3 MWM Lab Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 MWM Lab Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 MWM Lab Key News
7.11 Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument
7.11.1 Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Corporate Summary
7.11.2 Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Broadband Power Meter Business Overview
7.11.3 Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.11.5 Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Key News
7.12 Shirong Electronic
7.12.1 Shirong Electronic Corporate Summary
7.12.2 Shirong Electronic Broadband Power Meter Business Overview
7.12.3 Shirong Electronic Broadband Power Meter Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Shirong Electronic Broadband Power Meter Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.12.5 Shirong Electronic Key News
8 Global Broadband Power Meter Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Broadband Power Meter Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Broadband Power Meter Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Broadband Power Meter Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Broadband Power Meter Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Broadband Power Meter Industry Value Chain
10.2 Broadband Power Meter Upstream Market
10.3 Broadband Power Meter Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Broadband Power Meter Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Broadband Power Meter in Global Market
Table 2. Top Broadband Power Meter Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Broadband Power Meter Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Broadband Power Meter Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Broadband Power Meter Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Broadband Power Meter Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Broadband Power Meter Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Accuenergy Corporate Summary
Table 47. Accuenergy Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 48. Accuenergy Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Acrel Corporate Summary
Table 50. Acrel Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 51. Acrel Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Electro-Meters Corporate Summary
Table 53. Electro-Meters Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 54. Electro-Meters Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Anritsu Corporate Summary
Table 56. Anritsu Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 57. Anritsu Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Boonton Electronics Corporate Summary
Table 59. Boonton Electronics Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 60. Boonton Electronics Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Aimil Corporate Summary
Table 62. Aimil Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 63. Aimil Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Viavi Solutions Corporate Summary
Table 65. Viavi Solutions Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 66. Viavi Solutions Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Rohde & Schwarz Corporate Summary
Table 68. Rohde & Schwarz Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 69. Rohde & Schwarz Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Bird Company Corporate Summary
Table 71. Bird Company Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 72. Bird Company Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. MWM Lab Corporate Summary
Table 74. MWM Lab Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 75. MWM Lab Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Corporate Summary
Table 77. Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 78. Nanjing Xinlian Telecommunications Instrument Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Shirong Electronic Corporate Summary
Table 80. Shirong Electronic Broadband Power Meter Product Offerings
Table 81. Shirong Electronic Broadband Power Meter Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 82. Broadband Power Meter Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Broadband Power Meter Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 84. Global Broadband Power Meter Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Broadband Power Meter Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 86. Broadband Power Meter Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Broadband Power Meter Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Broadband Power Meter Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Broadband Power Meter Raw Materials
Table 90. Broadband Power Meter Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Broadband Power Meter Downstream
Table 92. Broadband Power Meter Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Broadband Power Meter Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Broadband Power Meter Segment by Type
Figure 2. Broadband Power Meter Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Broadband Power Meter Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Broadband Power Meter Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Broadband Power Meter Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Broadband Power Meter Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Broadband Power Meter Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Broadband Power Meter Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Broadband Power Meter Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Broadband Power Meter Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Broadband Power Meter Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Broadband Power Meter by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Broadband Power Meter Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels