Biofuel Ethanol and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Biofuel Ethanol Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Raw Materials
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Biofuel Ethanol Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales: 2018-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Biofuel Ethanol Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Biofuel Ethanol Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Biofuel Ethanol Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Biofuel Ethanol Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Biofuel Ethanol Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Biofuel Ethanol Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Biofuel Ethanol Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Biofuel Ethanol Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 Maize
4.1.3 Wheat
4.1.4 Industrial Beet
4.1.5 Sugarcane
4.1.6 Others
4.2 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2023-2030
4.2.3 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
4.3 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2023-2030
4.3.3 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
4.4 By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Transportation
5.1.3 Power Generation
5.1.4 Industrial
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2023-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5.3 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2023-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
5.4 By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2023-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2023-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2030
6.4.3 US Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 Canada Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Mexico Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Germany Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 France Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 U.K. Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 Italy Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.7 Russia Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.9 Benelux Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2030
6.6.3 China Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.4 Japan Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.5 South Korea Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.7 India Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Brazil Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Argentina Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Sales, 2018-2030
6.8.3 Turkey Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.4 Israel Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.6 UAE Biofuel Ethanol Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Cropenergies AG
7.1.1 Cropenergies AG Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Cropenergies AG Business Overview
7.1.3 Cropenergies AG Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Cropenergies AG Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Cropenergies AG Key News
7.2 Cristal Union
7.2.1 Cristal Union Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Cristal Union Business Overview
7.2.3 Cristal Union Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Cristal Union Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Cristal Union Key News
7.3 COFCO
7.3.1 COFCO Corporate Summary
7.3.2 COFCO Business Overview
7.3.3 COFCO Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 COFCO Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 COFCO Key News
7.4 Archer Daniels Midland Company
7.4.1 Archer Daniels Midland Company Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Archer Daniels Midland Company Business Overview
7.4.3 Archer Daniels Midland Company Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Archer Daniels Midland Company Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Archer Daniels Midland Company Key News
7.5 Petrobras
7.5.1 Petrobras Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Petrobras Business Overview
7.5.3 Petrobras Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Petrobras Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Petrobras Key News
7.6 Tereos
7.6.1 Tereos Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Tereos Business Overview
7.6.3 Tereos Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Tereos Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Tereos Key News
7.7 Alcogroup
7.7.1 Alcogroup Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Alcogroup Business Overview
7.7.3 Alcogroup Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Alcogroup Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Alcogroup Key News
7.8 DowDuPont
7.8.1 DowDuPont Corporate Summary
7.8.2 DowDuPont Business Overview
7.8.3 DowDuPont Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 DowDuPont Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 DowDuPont Key News
7.9 BlueFire Renewables Inc.
7.9.1 BlueFire Renewables Inc. Corporate Summary
7.9.2 BlueFire Renewables Inc. Business Overview
7.9.3 BlueFire Renewables Inc. Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 BlueFire Renewables Inc. Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 BlueFire Renewables Inc. Key News
7.10 Pannonia Bio
7.10.1 Pannonia Bio Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Pannonia Bio Business Overview
7.10.3 Pannonia Bio Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Pannonia Bio Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Pannonia Bio Key News
7.11 BP PLC
7.11.1 BP PLC Corporate Summary
7.11.2 BP PLC Biofuel Ethanol Business Overview
7.11.3 BP PLC Biofuel Ethanol Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 BP PLC Biofuel Ethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.11.5 BP PLC Key News
8 Global Biofuel Ethanol Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Biofuel Ethanol Production Capacity, 2018-2030
8.2 Biofuel Ethanol Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Biofuel Ethanol Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Biofuel Ethanol Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Biofuel Ethanol Industry Value Chain
10.2 Biofuel Ethanol Upstream Market
10.3 Biofuel Ethanol Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Biofuel Ethanol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Biofuel Ethanol in Global Market
Table 2. Top Biofuel Ethanol Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales by Companies, (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Biofuel Ethanol Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Biofuel Ethanol Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Biofuel Ethanol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Biofuel Ethanol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Raw Materials ? Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 14. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Sales, (K Tons), 2023-2030
Table 46. Cropenergies AG Corporate Summary
Table 47. Cropenergies AG Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 48. Cropenergies AG Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Cristal Union Corporate Summary
Table 50. Cristal Union Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 51. Cristal Union Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 52. COFCO Corporate Summary
Table 53. COFCO Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 54. COFCO Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 55. Archer Daniels Midland Company Corporate Summary
Table 56. Archer Daniels Midland Company Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 57. Archer Daniels Midland Company Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 58. Petrobras Corporate Summary
Table 59. Petrobras Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 60. Petrobras Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Tereos Corporate Summary
Table 62. Tereos Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 63. Tereos Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 64. Alcogroup Corporate Summary
Table 65. Alcogroup Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 66. Alcogroup Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 67. DowDuPont Corporate Summary
Table 68. DowDuPont Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 69. DowDuPont Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 70. BlueFire Renewables Inc. Corporate Summary
Table 71. BlueFire Renewables Inc. Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 72. BlueFire Renewables Inc. Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Pannonia Bio Corporate Summary
Table 74. Pannonia Bio Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 75. Pannonia Bio Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 76. BP PLC Corporate Summary
Table 77. BP PLC Biofuel Ethanol Product Offerings
Table 78. BP PLC Biofuel Ethanol Sales (K Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 79. Biofuel Ethanol Production Capacity (K Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Tons)
Table 80. Global Biofuel Ethanol Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 81. Global Biofuel Ethanol Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Tons)
Table 82. Global Biofuel Ethanol Production by Region, 2023-2030 (K Tons)
Table 83. Biofuel Ethanol Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 84. Biofuel Ethanol Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 85. Biofuel Ethanol Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 86. Biofuel Ethanol Raw Materials
Table 87. Biofuel Ethanol Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 88. Typical Biofuel Ethanol Downstream
Table 89. Biofuel Ethanol Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 90. Biofuel Ethanol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Biofuel Ethanol Segment by Raw Materials
Figure 2. Biofuel Ethanol Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Biofuel Ethanol Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Biofuel Ethanol Sales in Global Market: 2018-2030 (K Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Biofuel Ethanol Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 10. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 11. By Raw Materials - Global Biofuel Ethanol Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global Biofuel Ethanol Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. By Region - Global Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 17. By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 18. By Country - North America Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 19. US Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 20. Canada Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 21. Mexico Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 24. Germany Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. France Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. U.K. Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 27. Italy Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 28. Russia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. Benelux Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 33. China Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 34. Japan Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. South Korea Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 37. India Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 39. By Country - South America Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 40. Brazil Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. Argentina Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biofuel Ethanol Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 44. Turkey Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 45. Israel Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 47. UAE Biofuel Ethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 48. Global Biofuel Ethanol Production Capacity (K Tons), 2018-2030
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Biofuel Ethanol by Region, 2022 VS 2030
Figure 50. Biofuel Ethanol Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels
