Vision Eye Tracker and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Vision Eye Tracker Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Vision Eye Tracker Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Size: 2022 VS 2035
2.2 Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2035
2.3 Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales: 2018-2035
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Vision Eye Tracker Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Vision Eye Tracker Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Vision Eye Tracker Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Vision Eye Tracker Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Vision Eye Tracker Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vision Eye Tracker Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Vision Eye Tracker Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vision Eye Tracker Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2035
4.1.2 Eyelab Glasses
4.1.3 Eyelab Pro
4.1.4 Eyelab VR
4.1.5 Other
4.2 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2024-2035
4.2.3 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
4.3 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2024-2035
4.3.3 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
4.4 By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2035
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2022 & 2035
5.1.2 ESports
5.1.3 Mental Hospital
5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2024-2035
5.2.3 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
5.3 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2024-2035
5.3.3 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
5.4 By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2035
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2022 & 2035
6.2 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2024-2035
6.2.3 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
6.3 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2024-2035
6.3.3 By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2035
6.4.2 By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2035
6.4.3 US Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.4.4 Canada Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.4.5 Mexico Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2035
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2035
6.5.3 Germany Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.4 France Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.5 U.K. Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.6 Italy Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.7 Russia Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.9 Benelux Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2035
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2035
6.6.3 China Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.4 Japan Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.5 South Korea Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.7 India Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2035
6.7.2 By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2035
6.7.3 Brazil Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.7.4 Argentina Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2035
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Sales, 2018-2035
6.8.3 Turkey Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8.4 Israel Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8.6 UAE Vision Eye Tracker Market Size, 2018-2035
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Tobii Pro
7.1.1 Tobii Pro Company Summary
7.1.2 Tobii Pro Business Overview
7.1.3 Tobii Pro Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Tobii Pro Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Tobii Pro Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 EyeLink
7.2.1 EyeLink Company Summary
7.2.2 EyeLink Business Overview
7.2.3 EyeLink Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 EyeLink Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 EyeLink Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Smart Eye
7.3.1 Smart Eye Company Summary
7.3.2 Smart Eye Business Overview
7.3.3 Smart Eye Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Smart Eye Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Smart Eye Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Gazepoint
7.4.1 Gazepoint Company Summary
7.4.2 Gazepoint Business Overview
7.4.3 Gazepoint Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Gazepoint Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Gazepoint Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Pupil Labs
7.5.1 Pupil Labs Company Summary
7.5.2 Pupil Labs Business Overview
7.5.3 Pupil Labs Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Pupil Labs Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Pupil Labs Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Ergoneers
7.6.1 Ergoneers Company Summary
7.6.2 Ergoneers Business Overview
7.6.3 Ergoneers Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Ergoneers Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Ergoneers Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Eyetech Digital Systems
7.7.1 Eyetech Digital Systems Company Summary
7.7.2 Eyetech Digital Systems Business Overview
7.7.3 Eyetech Digital Systems Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Eyetech Digital Systems Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Eyetech Digital Systems Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Argus Science
7.8.1 Argus Science Company Summary
7.8.2 Argus Science Business Overview
7.8.3 Argus Science Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Argus Science Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Argus Science Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 IMOTIONS
7.9.1 IMOTIONS Company Summary
7.9.2 IMOTIONS Business Overview
7.9.3 IMOTIONS Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 IMOTIONS Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 IMOTIONS Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Oculus
7.10.1 Oculus Company Summary
7.10.2 Oculus Business Overview
7.10.3 Oculus Vision Eye Tracker Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Oculus Vision Eye Tracker Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Oculus Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Vision Eye Tracker Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Vision Eye Tracker Production Capacity, 2018-2035
8.2 Vision Eye Tracker Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Vision Eye Tracker Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Vision Eye Tracker Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Vision Eye Tracker Industry Value Chain
10.2 Vision Eye Tracker Upstream Market
10.3 Vision Eye Tracker Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Vision Eye Tracker Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Vision Eye Tracker in Global Market
Table 2. Top Vision Eye Tracker Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Vision Eye Tracker Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Vision Eye Tracker Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Vision Eye Tracker Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vision Eye Tracker Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Table 12. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 14. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 16. By Application ? Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Table 17. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 19. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 21. By Region ? Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2035
Table 22. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 24. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 26. By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 28. By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 30. By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 32. By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 34. By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 36. By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 38. By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 40. By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Sales, (K Units), 2024-2035
Table 46. Tobii Pro Company Summary
Table 47. Tobii Pro Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 48. Tobii Pro Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Tobii Pro Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. EyeLink Company Summary
Table 51. EyeLink Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 52. EyeLink Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. EyeLink Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Smart Eye Company Summary
Table 55. Smart Eye Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 56. Smart Eye Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Smart Eye Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Gazepoint Company Summary
Table 59. Gazepoint Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 60. Gazepoint Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Gazepoint Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Pupil Labs Company Summary
Table 63. Pupil Labs Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 64. Pupil Labs Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Pupil Labs Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Ergoneers Company Summary
Table 67. Ergoneers Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 68. Ergoneers Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Ergoneers Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Eyetech Digital Systems Company Summary
Table 71. Eyetech Digital Systems Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 72. Eyetech Digital Systems Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Eyetech Digital Systems Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Argus Science Company Summary
Table 75. Argus Science Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 76. Argus Science Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Argus Science Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. IMOTIONS Company Summary
Table 79. IMOTIONS Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 80. IMOTIONS Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. IMOTIONS Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Oculus Company Summary
Table 83. Oculus Vision Eye Tracker Product Offerings
Table 84. Oculus Vision Eye Tracker Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 85. Oculus Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. Vision Eye Tracker Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 87. Global Vision Eye Tracker Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 88. Global Vision Eye Tracker Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 89. Global Vision Eye Tracker Production by Region, 2024-2035 (K Units)
Table 90. Vision Eye Tracker Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 91. Vision Eye Tracker Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 92. Vision Eye Tracker Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 93. Vision Eye Tracker Raw Materials
Table 94. Vision Eye Tracker Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 95. Typical Vision Eye Tracker Downstream
Table 96. Vision Eye Tracker Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 97. Vision Eye Tracker Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Vision Eye Tracker Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Vision Eye Tracker Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Vision Eye Tracker Market Size: 2022 VS 2035 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, 2018-2035 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Vision Eye Tracker Sales in Global Market: 2018-2035 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Vision Eye Tracker Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Figure 10. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 11. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 12. By Type - Global Vision Eye Tracker Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2035
Figure 13. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Figure 14. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 15. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 16. By Application - Global Vision Eye Tracker Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2035
Figure 17. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Figure 18. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2035
Figure 19. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 20. By Region - Global Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 21. By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 22. By Country - North America Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 23. US Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 24. Canada Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 25. Mexico Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 28. Germany Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 29. France Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 30. U.K. Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 31. Italy Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 32. Russia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 34. Benelux Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 37. China Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 38. Japan Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 39. South Korea Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 41. India Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 42. By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 43. By Country - South America Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 44. Brazil Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 45. Argentina Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Vision Eye Tracker Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 48. Turkey Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 49. Israel Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 51. UAE Vision Eye Tracker Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 52. Global Vision Eye Tracker Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2035
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Vision Eye Tracker by Region, 2022 VS 2035
Figure 54. Vision Eye Tracker Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels