Titania-mica Pigments and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Titania-mica Pigments Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Titania-mica Pigments Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Titania-mica Pigments Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Titania-mica Pigments Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Titania-mica Pigments Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Titania-mica Pigments Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Titania-mica Pigments Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Titania-mica Pigments Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Titania-mica Pigments Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Titania-mica Pigments Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 Natural Mica
4.1.3 Synthetic Mica
4.2 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Coatings
5.1.3 Comestics
5.1.4 Plastics
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE Titania-mica Pigments Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 EMD
7.1.1 EMD Company Summary
7.1.2 EMD Business Overview
7.1.3 EMD Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 EMD Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 EMD Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 BASF
7.2.1 BASF Company Summary
7.2.2 BASF Business Overview
7.2.3 BASF Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 BASF Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 BASF Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 CQV
7.3.1 CQV Company Summary
7.3.2 CQV Business Overview
7.3.3 CQV Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 CQV Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 CQV Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Altana
7.4.1 Altana Company Summary
7.4.2 Altana Business Overview
7.4.3 Altana Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Altana Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Altana Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Sun Chemical
7.5.1 Sun Chemical Company Summary
7.5.2 Sun Chemical Business Overview
7.5.3 Sun Chemical Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Sun Chemical Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Sun Chemical Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 GEO Tech
7.6.1 GEO Tech Company Summary
7.6.2 GEO Tech Business Overview
7.6.3 GEO Tech Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 GEO Tech Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 GEO Tech Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Cristal
7.7.1 Cristal Company Summary
7.7.2 Cristal Business Overview
7.7.3 Cristal Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Cristal Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Cristal Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 RIKA
7.8.1 RIKA Company Summary
7.8.2 RIKA Business Overview
7.8.3 RIKA Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 RIKA Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 RIKA Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Volor
7.9.1 Volor Company Summary
7.9.2 Volor Business Overview
7.9.3 Volor Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Volor Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Volor Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Coloray
7.10.1 Coloray Company Summary
7.10.2 Coloray Business Overview
7.10.3 Coloray Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Coloray Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Coloray Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Kolortek
7.11.1 Kolortek Company Summary
7.11.2 Kolortek Titania-mica Pigments Business Overview
7.11.3 Kolortek Titania-mica Pigments Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Kolortek Titania-mica Pigments Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Kolortek Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Titania-mica Pigments Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Titania-mica Pigments Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 Titania-mica Pigments Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Titania-mica Pigments Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Titania-mica Pigments Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Titania-mica Pigments Industry Value Chain
10.2 Titania-mica Pigments Upstream Market
10.3 Titania-mica Pigments Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Titania-mica Pigments Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Titania-mica Pigments in Global Market
Table 2. Top Titania-mica Pigments Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Titania-mica Pigments Price (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Titania-mica Pigments Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Titania-mica Pigments Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Titania-mica Pigments Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Sales, (K MT), 2024-2032
Table 46. EMD Company Summary
Table 47. EMD Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 48. EMD Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 49. EMD Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. BASF Company Summary
Table 51. BASF Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 52. BASF Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 53. BASF Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. CQV Company Summary
Table 55. CQV Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 56. CQV Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 57. CQV Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Altana Company Summary
Table 59. Altana Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 60. Altana Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Altana Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Sun Chemical Company Summary
Table 63. Sun Chemical Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 64. Sun Chemical Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Sun Chemical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. GEO Tech Company Summary
Table 67. GEO Tech Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 68. GEO Tech Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 69. GEO Tech Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Cristal Company Summary
Table 71. Cristal Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 72. Cristal Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Cristal Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. RIKA Company Summary
Table 75. RIKA Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 76. RIKA Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 77. RIKA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Volor Company Summary
Table 79. Volor Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 80. Volor Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 81. Volor Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Coloray Company Summary
Table 83. Coloray Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 84. Coloray Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 85. Coloray Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. Kolortek Company Summary
Table 87. Kolortek Titania-mica Pigments Product Offerings
Table 88. Kolortek Titania-mica Pigments Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2018-2023)
Table 89. Kolortek Key News & Latest Developments
Table 90. Titania-mica Pigments Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K MT)
Table 91. Global Titania-mica Pigments Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 92. Global Titania-mica Pigments Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K MT)
Table 93. Global Titania-mica Pigments Production by Region, 2024-2032 (K MT)
Table 94. Titania-mica Pigments Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 95. Titania-mica Pigments Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 96. Titania-mica Pigments Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 97. Titania-mica Pigments Raw Materials
Table 98. Titania-mica Pigments Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 99. Typical Titania-mica Pigments Downstream
Table 100. Titania-mica Pigments Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 101. Titania-mica Pigments Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Titania-mica Pigments Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Titania-mica Pigments Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Titania-mica Pigments Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Titania-mica Pigments Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Titania-mica Pigments Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global Titania-mica Pigments Price (USD/MT), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global Titania-mica Pigments Price (USD/MT), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Titania-mica Pigments Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE Titania-mica Pigments Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global Titania-mica Pigments Production Capacity (K MT), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Titania-mica Pigments by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. Titania-mica Pigments Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels