2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Overall Market Size
2.1 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales: 2018-2030
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales by Companies
3.5 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 98% Purity
4.1.3 99% Purity
4.2 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2024-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
4.3 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2024-2030
4.3.3 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
4.4 By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Organic Synthesis
5.1.3 Coating
5.1.4 Adhesive
5.1.5 Other
5.2 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2024-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5.3 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2024-2030
5.3.3 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
5.4 By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2024-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2024-2030
6.3.3 By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2030
6.4.3 US 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 Canada 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Mexico 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Germany 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 France 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 U.K. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 Italy 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.7 Russia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.8 Nordic Countries 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.9 Benelux 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2030
6.6.3 China 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.4 Japan 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.5 South Korea 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.6 Southeast Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.7 India 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Brazil 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Argentina 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2030
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, 2018-2030
6.8.3 Turkey 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.4 Israel 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
6.8.6 UAE 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO
7.1.1 NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO Company Summary
7.1.2 NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO Business Overview
7.1.3 NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Maruzen Petrochemical
7.2.1 Maruzen Petrochemical Company Summary
7.2.2 Maruzen Petrochemical Business Overview
7.2.3 Maruzen Petrochemical 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Maruzen Petrochemical 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Maruzen Petrochemical Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production Capacity, 2018-2030
8.2 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Industry Value Chain
10.2 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Upstream Market
10.3 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether in Global Market
Table 2. Top 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 14. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 16. By Application ? Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 17. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 19. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 21. By Region ? Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2030
Table 22. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 24. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 26. By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 28. By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 30. By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 32. By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 34. By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 36. By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 38. By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 40. By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales, (Tons), 2024-2030
Table 46. NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO Company Summary
Table 47. NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Product Offerings
Table 48. NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 49. NIPPON CARBIDE INDUSTRIES CO Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Maruzen Petrochemical Company Summary
Table 51. Maruzen Petrochemical 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Product Offerings
Table 52. Maruzen Petrochemical 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Maruzen Petrochemical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Tons)
Table 55. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 56. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Tons)
Table 57. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production by Region, 2024-2030 (Tons)
Table 58. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 59. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 60. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 61. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Raw Materials
Table 62. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 63. Typical 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Downstream
Table 64. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 65. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales in Global Market: 2018-2030 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Type - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 14. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. By Application - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2030
Figure 17. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 18. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2030
Figure 19. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 20. By Region - Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 21. By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 22. By Country - North America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 23. US 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 24. Canada 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. Mexico 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 27. By Country - Europe 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 28. Germany 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. France 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. U.K. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. Italy 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 32. Russia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 33. Nordic Countries 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 34. Benelux 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 36. By Region - Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 37. China 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. Japan 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 39. South Korea 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 40. Southeast Asia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. India 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 42. By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 43. By Country - South America 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 44. Brazil 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 45. Argentina 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Sales Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 48. Turkey 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 49. Israel 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 51. UAE 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 52. Global 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Production Capacity (Tons), 2018-2030
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether by Region, 2022 VS 2030
Figure 54. 2-Hydroxyethyl Vinyl Ether Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels