Glassfiber Yarn and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Glassfiber Yarn Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Glassfiber Yarn Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Size: 2022 VS 2031
2.2 Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2019-2031
2.3 Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales: 2019-2031
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Glassfiber Yarn Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Glassfiber Yarn Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Glassfiber Yarn Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Glassfiber Yarn Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Glassfiber Yarn Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Glassfiber Yarn Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Glassfiber Yarn Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Glassfiber Yarn Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2031
4.1.2 Electronic Grade
4.1.3 Industry Grade
4.1.4 Other
4.2 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2024
4.2.2 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2024-2031
4.2.3 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
4.3 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2024
4.3.2 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2024-2031
4.3.3 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
4.4 By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2031
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2022 & 2031
5.1.2 Glass Chemistry
5.1.3 Coating or Binder Chemistry
5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2024
5.2.2 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2024-2031
5.2.3 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
5.3 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2024
5.3.2 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2024-2031
5.3.3 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
5.4 By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2019-2031
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2022 & 2031
6.2 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2024
6.2.2 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2024-2031
6.2.3 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
6.3 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2024
6.3.2 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2024-2031
6.3.3 By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2031
6.4.2 By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2031
6.4.3 US Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.4.4 Canada Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.4.5 Mexico Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2031
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2031
6.5.3 Germany Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5.4 France Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5.5 U.K. Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5.6 Italy Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5.7 Russia Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.5.9 Benelux Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2031
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2031
6.6.3 China Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.6.4 Japan Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.6.5 South Korea Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.6.7 India Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2031
6.7.2 By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2031
6.7.3 Brazil Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.7.4 Argentina Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2031
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Sales, 2019-2031
6.8.3 Turkey Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.8.4 Israel Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
6.8.6 UAE Glassfiber Yarn Market Size, 2019-2031
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 AGY
7.1.1 AGY Company Summary
7.1.2 AGY Business Overview
7.1.3 AGY Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 AGY Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.1.5 AGY Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Saint-Gobain
7.2.1 Saint-Gobain Company Summary
7.2.2 Saint-Gobain Business Overview
7.2.3 Saint-Gobain Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Saint-Gobain Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.2.5 Saint-Gobain Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 PPG
7.3.1 PPG Company Summary
7.3.2 PPG Business Overview
7.3.3 PPG Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 PPG Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.3.5 PPG Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Taiwan Glass
7.4.1 Taiwan Glass Company Summary
7.4.2 Taiwan Glass Business Overview
7.4.3 Taiwan Glass Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Taiwan Glass Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.4.5 Taiwan Glass Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Nittobo
7.5.1 Nittobo Company Summary
7.5.2 Nittobo Business Overview
7.5.3 Nittobo Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Nittobo Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.5.5 Nittobo Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Valmiera Glass
7.6.1 Valmiera Glass Company Summary
7.6.2 Valmiera Glass Business Overview
7.6.3 Valmiera Glass Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Valmiera Glass Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.6.5 Valmiera Glass Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Sichuan Fiber Glass
7.7.1 Sichuan Fiber Glass Company Summary
7.7.2 Sichuan Fiber Glass Business Overview
7.7.3 Sichuan Fiber Glass Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Sichuan Fiber Glass Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.7.5 Sichuan Fiber Glass Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Glotech Industrial
7.8.1 Glotech Industrial Company Summary
7.8.2 Glotech Industrial Business Overview
7.8.3 Glotech Industrial Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Glotech Industrial Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.8.5 Glotech Industrial Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Porcher
7.9.1 Porcher Company Summary
7.9.2 Porcher Business Overview
7.9.3 Porcher Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Porcher Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.9.5 Porcher Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Bohemiatex
7.10.1 Bohemiatex Company Summary
7.10.2 Bohemiatex Business Overview
7.10.3 Bohemiatex Glassfiber Yarn Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Bohemiatex Glassfiber Yarn Sales and Revenue in Global (2019-2024)
7.10.5 Bohemiatex Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Glassfiber Yarn Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Glassfiber Yarn Production Capacity, 2019-2031
8.2 Glassfiber Yarn Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Glassfiber Yarn Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Glassfiber Yarn Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Glassfiber Yarn Industry Value Chain
10.2 Glassfiber Yarn Upstream Market
10.3 Glassfiber Yarn Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Glassfiber Yarn Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Glassfiber Yarn in Global Market
Table 2. Top Glassfiber Yarn Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 4. Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 5. Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 6. Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Glassfiber Yarn Price (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Glassfiber Yarn Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Glassfiber Yarn Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Glassfiber Yarn Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2031
Table 12. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 13. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 14. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 15. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 16. By Application ? Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2031
Table 17. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 18. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 19. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 20. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 21. By Region ? Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2031
Table 22. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 23. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 24. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 25. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 26. By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 27. By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 28. By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 29. By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 30. By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 31. By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 32. By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 33. By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 34. By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 35. By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 36. By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 37. By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 38. By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 39. By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 40. By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 41. By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2031
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2019-2024
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Sales, (K MT), 2024-2031
Table 46. AGY Company Summary
Table 47. AGY Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 48. AGY Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 49. AGY Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Saint-Gobain Company Summary
Table 51. Saint-Gobain Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 52. Saint-Gobain Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 53. Saint-Gobain Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. PPG Company Summary
Table 55. PPG Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 56. PPG Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 57. PPG Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Taiwan Glass Company Summary
Table 59. Taiwan Glass Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 60. Taiwan Glass Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 61. Taiwan Glass Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Nittobo Company Summary
Table 63. Nittobo Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 64. Nittobo Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 65. Nittobo Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Valmiera Glass Company Summary
Table 67. Valmiera Glass Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 68. Valmiera Glass Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 69. Valmiera Glass Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Sichuan Fiber Glass Company Summary
Table 71. Sichuan Fiber Glass Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 72. Sichuan Fiber Glass Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 73. Sichuan Fiber Glass Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Glotech Industrial Company Summary
Table 75. Glotech Industrial Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 76. Glotech Industrial Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 77. Glotech Industrial Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Porcher Company Summary
Table 79. Porcher Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 80. Porcher Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 81. Porcher Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Bohemiatex Company Summary
Table 83. Bohemiatex Glassfiber Yarn Product Offerings
Table 84. Bohemiatex Glassfiber Yarn Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2019-2024)
Table 85. Bohemiatex Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. Glassfiber Yarn Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2024 (K MT)
Table 87. Global Glassfiber Yarn Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2024
Table 88. Global Glassfiber Yarn Production by Region, 2019-2024 (K MT)
Table 89. Global Glassfiber Yarn Production by Region, 2024-2031 (K MT)
Table 90. Glassfiber Yarn Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 91. Glassfiber Yarn Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 92. Glassfiber Yarn Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 93. Glassfiber Yarn Raw Materials
Table 94. Glassfiber Yarn Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 95. Typical Glassfiber Yarn Downstream
Table 96. Glassfiber Yarn Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 97. Glassfiber Yarn Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Glassfiber Yarn Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Glassfiber Yarn Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Glassfiber Yarn Market Size: 2022 VS 2031 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, 2019-2031 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Glassfiber Yarn Sales in Global Market: 2019-2031 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Glassfiber Yarn Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2031
Figure 10. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 11. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 12. By Type - Global Glassfiber Yarn Price (USD/MT), 2019-2031
Figure 13. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2031
Figure 14. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 15. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 16. By Application - Global Glassfiber Yarn Price (USD/MT), 2019-2031
Figure 17. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2031
Figure 18. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019 VS 2022 VS 2031
Figure 19. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 20. By Region - Global Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 21. By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 22. By Country - North America Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 23. US Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 24. Canada Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 25. Mexico Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 28. Germany Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 29. France Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 30. U.K. Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 31. Italy Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 32. Russia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 34. Benelux Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 37. China Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 38. Japan Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 39. South Korea Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 41. India Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 42. By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 43. By Country - South America Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 44. Brazil Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 45. Argentina Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Revenue Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Glassfiber Yarn Sales Market Share, 2019-2031
Figure 48. Turkey Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 49. Israel Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 51. UAE Glassfiber Yarn Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2031
Figure 52. Global Glassfiber Yarn Production Capacity (K MT), 2019-2031
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Glassfiber Yarn by Region, 2022 VS 2031
Figure 54. Glassfiber Yarn Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels