Automotive Off-line Converters and Forecast Market
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Automotive Off-line Converters Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Automotive Off-line Converters Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Automotive Off-line Converters Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Automotive Off-line Converters Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Automotive Off-line Converters Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automotive Off-line Converters Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Automotive Off-line Converters Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automotive Off-line Converters Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Built-in Mosfet Type
4.1.3 External Attachment Type
4.2 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Smart Meters
5.1.3 Motor Control
5.1.4 Industrial Power Supplies
5.1.5 Home Automation and Appliances
5.2 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Diodes Incorporated
7.1.1 Diodes Incorporated Company Summary
7.1.2 Diodes Incorporated Business Overview
7.1.3 Diodes Incorporated Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Diodes Incorporated Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Diodes Incorporated Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Sanken Electric
7.2.1 Sanken Electric Company Summary
7.2.2 Sanken Electric Business Overview
7.2.3 Sanken Electric Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Sanken Electric Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Sanken Electric Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 STMicroelectronics
7.3.1 STMicroelectronics Company Summary
7.3.2 STMicroelectronics Business Overview
7.3.3 STMicroelectronics Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 STMicroelectronics Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 STMicroelectronics Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 ON Semiconductor
7.4.1 ON Semiconductor Company Summary
7.4.2 ON Semiconductor Business Overview
7.4.3 ON Semiconductor Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 ON Semiconductor Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 ON Semiconductor Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Texas Instruments
7.5.1 Texas Instruments Company Summary
7.5.2 Texas Instruments Business Overview
7.5.3 Texas Instruments Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Texas Instruments Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Texas Instruments Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Analog Devices
7.6.1 Analog Devices Company Summary
7.6.2 Analog Devices Business Overview
7.6.3 Analog Devices Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Analog Devices Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Analog Devices Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 MPS
7.7.1 MPS Company Summary
7.7.2 MPS Business Overview
7.7.3 MPS Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 MPS Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 MPS Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Microchip Technology
7.8.1 Microchip Technology Company Summary
7.8.2 Microchip Technology Business Overview
7.8.3 Microchip Technology Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Microchip Technology Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Microchip Technology Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 TOSHIBA
7.9.1 TOSHIBA Company Summary
7.9.2 TOSHIBA Business Overview
7.9.3 TOSHIBA Automotive Off-line Converters Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 TOSHIBA Automotive Off-line Converters Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 TOSHIBA Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Automotive Off-line Converters Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Automotive Off-line Converters Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Automotive Off-line Converters Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Automotive Off-line Converters Industry Value Chain
10.2 Automotive Off-line Converters Upstream Market
10.3 Automotive Off-line Converters Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Automotive Off-line Converters Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Automotive Off-line Converters in Global Market
Table 2. Top Automotive Off-line Converters Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Automotive Off-line Converters Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Automotive Off-line Converters Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Automotive Off-line Converters Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automotive Off-line Converters Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application ? Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region ? Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. Diodes Incorporated Company Summary
Table 47. Diodes Incorporated Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 48. Diodes Incorporated Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Diodes Incorporated Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Sanken Electric Company Summary
Table 51. Sanken Electric Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 52. Sanken Electric Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Sanken Electric Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. STMicroelectronics Company Summary
Table 55. STMicroelectronics Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 56. STMicroelectronics Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. STMicroelectronics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. ON Semiconductor Company Summary
Table 59. ON Semiconductor Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 60. ON Semiconductor Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. ON Semiconductor Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Texas Instruments Company Summary
Table 63. Texas Instruments Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 64. Texas Instruments Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Texas Instruments Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Analog Devices Company Summary
Table 67. Analog Devices Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 68. Analog Devices Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Analog Devices Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. MPS Company Summary
Table 71. MPS Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 72. MPS Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. MPS Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Microchip Technology Company Summary
Table 75. Microchip Technology Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 76. Microchip Technology Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Microchip Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. TOSHIBA Company Summary
Table 79. TOSHIBA Automotive Off-line Converters Product Offerings
Table 80. TOSHIBA Automotive Off-line Converters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. TOSHIBA Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Automotive Off-line Converters Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 84. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 86. Automotive Off-line Converters Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Automotive Off-line Converters Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Automotive Off-line Converters Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Automotive Off-line Converters Raw Materials
Table 90. Automotive Off-line Converters Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Automotive Off-line Converters Downstream
Table 92. Automotive Off-line Converters Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Automotive Off-line Converters Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Automotive Off-line Converters Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Automotive Off-line Converters Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Automotive Off-line Converters Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive Off-line Converters Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE Automotive Off-line Converters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global Automotive Off-line Converters Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Automotive Off-line Converters by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. Automotive Off-line Converters Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels